Abstract

Despite a decade’s worth of gravitational wave observations, the origin of the binary black hole (BBH) mergers detected by the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA (LVK) collaboration remains an open question. Towards assessing the feasibility and prevalence of the many proposed BBH formation channels, the spin properties of the merging black holes (BHs) hold significant promise, particularly their orientations. Moderate preferential alignment of BH spins with their orbit normals, as well as an apparent anti-correlation between the BBH effective spin parameters χeff and their mass ratios, would appear to disfavor purely dynamical BBH formation mechanisms, as they lack a preferred orientation to the system. However, alternatives are filled with physical and modeling uncertainties. In this paper, we highlight a dynamical route to easily characterizable spin evolution that results in analytically predictable spin distributions. We show that, when a stellar binary forms a BBH through two phases of stable mass transfer, and the BBH is subsequently driven to merger by the gravitational perturbation of a distant massive object (such as a supermassive black hole), the resulting χeff may be anti-correlated with the binary mass ratio. While the mechanism as proposed only operates in a modest region of parameter space, it also predicts significantly tighter correlations than are seen in the GWTC-4.0 systems. We discuss avenues for future work that may significantly expand the parameter space of our mechanism while still remaining broadly consistent with observations.

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