Abstract

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder and one of the most common tumors of lymphoid origin. In the process of oncogenesis, there is a significant change in the immune balance in the body, which leads to the suppression of the immune response to the tumor. This immune suppression is one of the reasons why the tumor can progress and cause serious health problems for the patient. One of the key factors that affect immune balance is innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILCs play an important role in regulating the immune response and can both promote and hinder the development of tumor processes, depending on their functional state and interaction with other cells of the immune system. Among ILCs, ILC1 mainly exert antitumour activity, but ILC2 and ILC3 are usually protumorigenic. One of the standard treatments for MM is autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT), and the aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of auto-HSCT on ILCs in MM. We assessed the number and subpopulation composition of ILCs in MM patients before and after auto-HSCT. In MM patients, an increase in the proportion of ILC2 and a decrease in ILC1 are observed before auto-HSCT compared to healthy controls. The subpopulation composition of ILCs changes in patients with multiple myeloma after auto-HSCT, with an increase in ILC1 and a decrease in ILC2 compared to pre-auto-HSCT values. No differences were observed in the relative number of different types of ILC in MM patients after auto-HSCT and in healthy controls. It has been shown that the number of immature CD5+ILC2s in the peripheral blood of patients with multiple myeloma is comparable to that of healthy individuals. However, in MM patients, HSCT leads to an increase in the relative number of CD5+ILC2s.

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