Abstract

Effective nitrogen (N) management is essential for ensuring food security, promoting agricultural sustainability, and addressing climate change due to the rise in fertilizer use since the 20th century. However, environmental improvements from N management are subject to uncertainties and time lags. In this study, we analyzed data from 113 countries, focusing on N use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions as key indicators. Our results illuminated a notable lag effect between improvements in these two indicators at the global scale, posing formidable challenges in achieving timely environmental benefits through N management strategies. We categorized countries into four groups based on agricultural sustainability, offering insights into the environmental impacts of various N management practices. Nations prioritize N management differently, reflecting the intricate interplay between socio-economic determinants and environmental considerations. Adopting integrated N management practices, which balance agricultural productivity and environmental conservation, represents an indispensable imperative for the advancement of sustainable agriculture.

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