Abstract

Accurate electricity price forecasting is essential for market participants seeking to optimise bidding and arbitrage strategies. This paper presents a week-ahead (168 h) hourly electricity price forecasting study for the Spanish day-ahead market. Nine competing models—two naïve baselines (a Seasonal Naïve and a Day-of-Week persistence), a Lasso-estimated auto-regressive (LEAR) statistical benchmark, and six machine- and deep-learning models (CatBoost, Random Forest, LSTM, GRU, CNN, and a hybrid CNN–LSTM)—are benchmarked; the two leading models, CNN–LSTM and CatBoost, are then compared under exogenous-feature configurations. The analysis is complemented by an ex-post Add-One-In and Leave-One-Out feature-importance analysis, a controlled comparison of weather-input scenarios, and a rolling battery-arbitrage backtest that translates forecast quality into economic value. Under an endogenous benchmark of weekly rolling origins across 2024 (with a rotating start weekday) and Diebold–Mariano testing, a recursive CatBoost and the hybrid CNN–LSTM are statistically indistinguishable and both significantly outperform a direct multi-horizon CatBoost; once an operational (forecasted) weather input is added, recursive CatBoost becomes significantly the most accurate while remaining simpler and more stable to train, a ranking confirmed on a fully out-of-sample 2025 year. Operational weather forecasts are found to be the best weather input, recovering about 84% of the perfect-foresight weather improvement over a no-weather baseline, with the advantage concentrated at longer lead times. Natural-gas-fired generation emerged as the dominant explanatory feature, consistent with the marginal-pricing mechanism governing the Spanish market. In a rolling battery-arbitrage backtest on the out-of-sample 2025 year, a deployable forecast-driven 4-h grid-scale unit (200 MW/800 MWh) captured about 89% of perfect-foresight value at a 168 h optimisation horizon and about 87% at 24 h; extending the horizon from 24 h to 168 h added about 2.4% of profit, an optimisation-horizon (look-ahead) effect bounded at +4.5% under perfect foresight.

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