Abstract

Sickness is a universal human problem. A significant proportion of the world’s population suffers from one disease or another, while some individuals have two or more chronic diseases simultaneously. The development of one disease, if not properly managed, can often lead to other coexisting health challenges, a condition known as comorbidity. Unfortunately, treating comorbidity is difficult due to overlapping symptoms and the risk of drug interactions. To overcome these challenges, it is necessary to identify active principles with broad-spectrum therapeutic properties. Therefore, this study provides an overview of the multifunctional role of lactoferrin against various human diseases. Information regarding the role of lactoferrin in combating various human diseases was gathered through a systematic literature search. Findings from a retrospective pilot study indicated that lactoferrin has the potential to alleviate symptoms of interstitial cystitis, or painful bladder syndrome. Additionally, lactoferrin has anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and antimicrobial properties. It could be beneficial in addressing issues related to microbial drug resistance. The anti-inflammatory effects of lactoferrin are linked to the reduction in cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-1β; inhibition of Inhibitory kappa B kinase beta (IKK-β) activity; and suppression of Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Furthermore, lactoferrin may provide protection against liver, kidney, and cardiac injuries. Lactoferrin’s wide-ranging benefits indicate that it may be used in conjunction with current medications to help treat multiple health issues simultaneously.

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