Abstract

This paper presents a unified comparative study of various controllers, including proportional–integral–derivative (PID), Fractional-Order PID (FOPID), Internal Model Control (IMC) controllers, and Tilt–Integral–Derivative (TID) controllers, for the regulation of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). The controllers are optimally tuned by using a single metaheuristic approach, namely the Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA), ensuring a fair and consistent comparison. The POA optimizes the objective function using standard error indices (ITAE, IAE, and ISE) along with transient characteristics. The aforementioned controllers are then evaluated under varying patient conditions for different patient categories, including sensitive, nominal, and insensitive, and their performance is systematically compared with one another and with the reported methods from the existing literature. The simulation results demonstrate that IMC offers fast settling with minimal overshoot, FOPID improves robustness through fractional dynamics, and the TID controller provides the smoothest transient response and disturbance rejection across all patient categories. The results confirm the effectiveness of advanced control strategies over conventional PID and highlight the potential of POA-tuned TID control for reliable and patient-specific MABP regulation in critical care applications.

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