Abstract

Starting from the circular aperture diffraction experiment, this paper decomposes the intrinsic interactions underlying wave–particle duality and proposes a specific interaction force: the velocity-perpendicular interaction force. We derive the characterization formula of this force and show that it can induce the phenomenon of circular aperture diffraction of light, with the theoretical results being highly consistent with those calculated by the Huygens–Fresnel principle. The direction of this force is perpendicular to the relative velocity, originating from the coupling effect between the wave nature of light and the particle nature of the circular aperture structure, and it satisfies a modified inverse square law of distance related to the relative velocity. When photons pass through different positions of the circular aperture, the symmetry effect generates a net interaction time. The product of the main component of this force, the net interaction time, and the radius of the circular aperture constitutes a modulation quantity (a ratio of the Planck’s constant), which exerts an on–off modulation effect on the interaction force, thereby inducing the emergence of annular diffraction fringes. This study provides a novel physical interpretation for the circular aperture diffraction of light from the perspective of interaction forces and clarifies the possible existence form of wave–matter interaction forces. This force formula is expected to effectively describe the behavior of microscopic particles, just like the Schrödinger equation, while providing a brand-new perspective on interactions. It holds great application prospects in fields such as single-photon manipulation and quantum precision measurement.

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