Abstract

Refrigeration and air-conditioning systems are vital to the global economy but contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions by using high-global-warming potential synthetic refrigerants. As regulatory frameworks like the Montreal Protocol, the Kigali Amendment, and the EU’s F-gas Regulations tighten, the industry faces a mandatory transition toward environmentally benign alternatives. This perspective paper evaluates the technological and environmental implications of replacing synthetic fluids with natural refrigerants, specifically ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons. A comparative assessment reveals that natural refrigerants offer superior thermodynamic efficiency, zero ozone depletion potential, and ultra-low global warming potential. While technologies like transcritical CO2 and low-charge ammonia systems may involve higher initial capital costs, they increasingly achieve life cycle cost parity through improved energy performance and regulatory stability. The analysis further explores advanced cycle configurations, such as ejectors and expanders, which mitigate efficiency losses. The transition to natural refrigerants is presented as a technologically feasible and environmentally friendly strategy to mitigate the risk that rising cooling demands further accelerate climate change. Ultimately, natural refrigerants are expected to become the default global standard within the shortest feasible timeframe, with policy, industry, and research aligned to support and accelerate this transition.

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