Abstract

This research directly addresses three critical global challenges, construction waste generation, forced displacement and housing shortage, through the design and development of a regenerative, modular housing system utilizing biodegradable composite materials synthesized from locally abundant agricultural waste, specifically rice straw. Bio-based panels were manufactured and used together with Casuarina Glauca wood to fabricate sandwich panels to be used as roofs and walls. Four configurations of the sandwich panels were manufactured and tested to select the strongest of them to be used within the proposed structure. Through systematic material testing, structural analysis, and lifecycle environmental assessment, this work demonstrates that locally sourced agricultural waste can form the foundation of dignified, low-carbon temporary shelters with minimal environmental impact at end-of-life when compared with conventional reinforced-concrete construction. The 3 m × 3 m bio-based shelter, designed for complete disassembly and reuse, achieves 88% lower embodied carbon than its conventional reinforced-concrete counterpart while maintaining adequate structural performance for temporary housing applications. Furthermore, the designed shelter has a cost that is 64% lower than that of its conventional reinforced-concrete counterpart and 40% lower than that of a refugee housing unit.

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