Abstract

Reliable remaining useful life (RUL) estimation is important for the safe and efficient use of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy-storage systems. Most data-driven RUL models are trained under controlled laboratory conditions, but their performance can weaken during field operation, where usage, sensing quality, and degradation paths are less predictable. This study proposes a physics-informed laboratory-to-field (L2F) deep learning framework for battery RUL prediction under limited or unavailable target labels. The framework combines three components: a six-channel laboratory cycle representation comprising voltage, current, temperature, cumulative charge throughput, cumulative energy throughput, and voltage derivative; a gated Transformer–Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) Fusion backbone for modeling long-range and local degradation patterns; and a staged adaptation policy based on paired-view consistency and covariance alignment. The Fusion backbone achieved the lowest held-out XJTU laboratory root mean square error (RMSE) of 46.67, compared with 48.27 for TCN and 48.85 for the Transformer. In the Tsinghua University (Tsinghua) deployment experiment, measured target RUL labels were unavailable after preprocessing and window construction. Therefore, the direct field-side mean absolute error (MAE), RMSE, and coefficient of determination R2 were not computed. The Tsinghua results are interpreted as an unlabeled deployment-credibility and trajectory-regularity assessment, showing operational continuity, finite vehicle-specific predicted trajectories, and reduced local trajectory volatility after staged adaptation. The S2a + S2b policy reduced Fusion RUL volatility from 8.376 to 0.632. In the XJTU laboratory source representation, Integrated Gradients showed that physics-aware channels contributed 30.98% of the attribution mass, increasing from 19.50% in early-life windows to 31.86% in late-life windows. These attributions explain the laboratory six-channel waveform model and are not used as direct evidence of Tsinghua field-feature importance.

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