Abstract

Background: Accurate segmentation and classification of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions are vital for a reliable diagnosis and disease monitoring. However, lesion heterogeneity in size, location, and intensity poses significant challenges to automated analysis. Methods: To address this, we developed a dual-stage pipeline integrating deep learning (DL) for precise spatial delineation and machine learning (ML) for robust classification of MS lesions. Two advanced DL models, nnU-Net and UNETR++, were optimized for lesion segmentation. Moreover, UNETR++ and several conventional ML methods were considered for the classification task, and Random Forest was found to be the best choice. Results: Experimental results indicate that nnU-Net outperformed UNETR++ for lesion segmentation across all cases, achieving a maximum improvement of 12.8%. During classification, Random Forest consistently outperformed advanced DL models, achieving at least 12% higher performance. Under practical conditions, an optimized hybrid pipeline that integrates nnU-Net for precise segmentation with Random Forests for robust classification delivers the best overall performance. Furthermore, qualitative analysis indicates that some apparent false positives may correspond to lesions missed during annotation, highlighting potential limitations in ground truth labeling. Conclusions: Overall, the proposed pipeline effectively leverages the complementary strengths of DL and ML, offering a promising, accurate framework for automated MS lesion analysis with potential clinical utility.

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