Abstract

This study assesses how a country’s digitalization impacts sustainability indicators as measured by unmonitored environmental, social and governance (ESG) risks, which serve as a proxy for the development of financial technology (FinTech). The study employs a cross-country approach using data for up to 163 countries, going beyond the firm-level focus of previous studies. The DiGiX Digitalization Index and the ICT Development Index are used to measure digital maturity, while pillar-level indicators and Sustainalytics ESG country risk scores are used to assess ESG indicators. With evidence of nonlinear, threshold-type effects at higher levels of digital maturity, the regression results suggest a strong negative correlation between digital maturity and ESG risk. Different country typologies are further identified using unsupervised cluster analysis, which reveals a continuous digital and ESG gradient in environmental, social and governance aspects. The analysis proves digital maturity serves as a systemic enabler of ESG risk management by strengthening data availability, governance capacity and policy enforcement. These findings provide policy-related guidance for coordinating digitalization strategies in line with the Sustainable Development Goals.

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