Abstract

Current Digital Twins of the Ocean rely predominantly on two-dimensional geoportal interfaces that constrain the spatial comprehension of complex marine environments. This paper presents Immersive Ocean, a Virtual Twin platform developed under the EU-ILIAD Digital Twins of the Ocean initiative that procedurally transforms standardised European geospatial data (EMODnet, Copernicus Marine Service) into interactive three-dimensional maritime environments via Unreal Engine 5 (Epic Games, Cary, NC, USA). The platform supports both desktop and immersive virtual reality modes, enabling users to visualise and manipulate spatial scenarios involving offshore wind farms, shipping corridors, aquaculture installations, and species distributions. System performance testing confirmed stable rendering across PC and VR configurations (61 FPS and 42 FPS, respectively). A user evaluation with 31 participants across three hardware configurations revealed that core geovisualisation capabilities—ease of use, immersion, and procedural generation utility—remained robust, regardless of hardware, whilst feedback responsiveness (H = 5.99, p = 0.04995) and perceived realism (H = 6.31, p = 0.04258) were significantly affected. These findings inform deployment strategies for immersive geospatial tools: minimum specification systems preserve functional access, whilst recommended hardware enhances the perceptual fidelity critical for spatial decision support. This evaluation establishes usability among digitally proficient users; efficacy with domain stakeholders in authentic planning contexts remains for future work.

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