Abstract

This study investigates the optimization of extraction conditions, phytochemical contents, biological activities, and cosmeceutical potential of Eurycoma longifolia Jack extracts obtained from wild and cultivated plant roots, stems, and leaves. HPLC analysis revealed that eurycomanone was predominantly accumulated in the root extracts. Among the extraction solvents, 70% ethanol exhibited the most effective extraction of bioactive compounds. Leaf extracts showed the highest total flavonoid content (255.71–269.67 mg quercetin/g sample) and total phenolic content (20.34–20.80 mg gallic acid/g sample). Furthermore, 70% ethanol leaf extracts demonstrated strong antioxidant activity with DPPH IC50 values of 6.37 ± 0.74 and 7.95 ± 0.86 µg/mL for wild and cultivated samples, respectively, and potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 50.71 ± 3.92 and 55.80 ± 4.75 µg/mL. The extracts also exhibited selective antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, the in silico molecular docking of biflorin against the 2QVD protein exhibited the highest binding affinity (−7.4 kcal/moL). Anti-inflammatory activity was evidenced by nitric oxide inhibition in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages without significant cytotoxicity. Overall, 70% ethanol extracts, particularly from leaves and roots, exhibited promising biological activities and may serve as potential natural ingredients for future cosmeceutical applications. However, further studies are required to confirm their efficacy and safety before practical applications can be considered.

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