Abstract

Graded aggregates used in high-speed railway subgrades often undergo micro breakage (i.e., corner and edge spalling) under cyclic loading, whereas the mechanism linking local particle spalling to contact-network evolution and permanent deformation remains unclear. To address the lack of a physically based micro breakage criterion and a continuous local shape-updating scheme in existing DEM approaches, this study proposes an energy-driven micro breakage method. The method uses the relationship between contact elastic energy and fracture energy for newly created free surfaces as the breakage criterion. It also employs a radial function representation to simulate local particle shape evolution. The proposed method is subsequently validated through multilevel tests and shows reasonable agreement with the experimental results for particle micro breakage and the associated mechanical responses. Furthermore, dynamic triaxial simulation results show that micro breakage exhibits a distinct cumulative characteristic and increases with loading frequency and amplitude. Meanwhile, micro breakage drives particle rearrangement and new contact formation, leading to skeleton densification and weakening of the strong force-chain network, which in turn accelerates plastic deformation accumulation. These coupled processes constitute an important mechanism governing the progressive degradation of graded aggregates under cyclic loading. This study clarifies the associated particle-scale mechanism and provides a reference for performance optimization.

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