Abstract

Hybrid nanofluids with enhanced thermal conductivity have emerged as promising candidates for efficient heat removal in advanced energy systems and next-generation thermal management technologies. In particular, the use of viscoelastic base fluids embedded with radiatively active nanoparticles enables improved thermal regulation in solar collectors, electronic cooling units, and high-temperature industrial processes. This study presents a comparative thermal investigation of mono- and hybrid nanofluids comprising the ferro-oxide (Fe3O4) and copper (Cu) metallic particles dispersed in ethylene glycol (C2H6O2), under magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) viscoelastic flow over a stretched surface. Accurate modeling of heat and mass phenomena in such fluids arises from their growing application in advanced thermal systems, including cooling technologies, electronic devices, and renewable energy modules. Unlike conventional models, the current analysis incorporates the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux framework to capture non-Fourier thermal relaxation effects, alongside the influence of thermal radiation and solutal transport. The developed system is truncated into dimensionless form with the proper choice of appropriate quantities, whose solution methodology is based on the implementation of a Runge–Kutta scheme. Compiled observations suggest that the hybrid nanomaterial exhibits more pronounced thermal recovery, while mono nanofluid attributes lower impact. Moreover, increasing the viscoelastic and magnetic parameters leads to notable variations in temperature and concentration distributions. This work advances the current literature by simultaneously integrating viscoelastic rheology, dual nanoparticle suspensions, and non-classical heat conduction laws, providing new insights for optimizing thermal performance in engineering applications.

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