Abstract

Background/Objectives: Low back pain (LBP) is a leading cause of disability worldwide and is influenced by multiple biological and functional factors. While pain intensity is a well-established determinant of disability, the contribution of body composition and relative skeletal muscle mass remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to investigate the associations between body composition parameters, Muscle-to-Weight Ratio (MWR), pain intensity, and functional disability in patients with LBP and to explore sex-related differences in these variables. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 98 adults with chronic non-specific LBP recruited from a rehabilitation department in Romania. Anthropometric and body composition measurements were obtained using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and functional disability was evaluated using the Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ). The MWR was calculated as skeletal muscle mass divided by body weight and expressed as a percentage. Sex comparisons, correlation analyses, and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Results: The mean age of participants was 61.9 ± 10.0 years, and 53.1% were female. Female participants reported significantly higher pain intensity than males (60.5 ± 31.0 vs. 44.2 ± 35.5; p = 0.021) and demonstrated a different distribution of disability severity categories compared with males (Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact p = 0.021). Pain intensity showed the strongest positive correlation with disability (r = 0.56, p < 0.001), whereas MWR was negatively correlated with disability (r = −0.34, p = 0.001). In multivariable regression analysis, pain intensity (β = 0.49, p < 0.001), age (β = 0.22, p = 0.013), and MWR (β = −0.27, p = 0.018) remained significantly associated with disability after adjustment for sex and body fat percentage. The model explained 43.2% of the variance in RMDQ scores (R2 = 0.432). Conclusions: Pain intensity, age, and MWR were significantly associated with functional disability in patients with chronic non-specific LBP. Lower MWR values were associated with greater disability after adjustment for age, sex, body fat percentage, and pain intensity. These findings suggest that assessment of body composition and MWR may provide additional information when evaluating patients with chronic non-specific low back pain. However, the cross-sectional design precludes conclusions regarding causality.

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