Abstract

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) has a long tradition in North Macedonia and is internationally recognized for its high quality. Despite this, cultivated areas have steadily declined, reaching only 35 hectares in 2022, with capsule yields of 300 kg ha−1 and seed yields of 583 kg ha−1. The SWOT analysis shows that opium poppy production has several important strengths. The country has favorable agroclimatic conditions, domestic varieties, experienced farmers, and support from government subsidies. The presence of a pharmaceutical buyer is also an important advantage, because it gives this production a clearer market direction. However, there are still many limits that slow down further development. Production is mostly based on small farms, while yields and prices are often low. Many farmers also use outdated machinery, which makes production less efficient. Another problem is the limited interest of buyers and the lack of a secure market for poppy seed. In addition, legal restrictions make the export of capsules more difficult. There are also several opportunities for future growth. The TOWS matrix suggests that the sector could become more competitive through value-added products, stronger cooperation between farmers, modernization of machinery, public information campaigns, and public–private investment. Although opium poppy production faces many challenges, it still has good potential to develop from a declining traditional activity into a sustainable and competitive niche sector, but this requires coordinated institutional support, modernization, market diversification, and the development of value-added products. With better policies and a clearer market strategy, it could develop into a more sustainable and competitive agricultural sector.

IPC Classification

Keywords