Abstract

The reliance on a single evaluation parameter represents a major limitation in traditional geothermal reservoir assessment models, hindering accurate and effective evaluation of geothermal extraction performance. Moreover, mechanical deformation induced by cold fluid injection exerts a significant influence on both fluid flow behavior and geothermal energy recovery. In this study, a thermo-hydraulic–mechanical (THM)-coupled single-fracture model is developed based on the physical properties of the solid matrix and the seepage characteristics of the fluid, using a finite-element framework for heat and mass transfer. This model enables a multi-parameter evaluation of geothermal extraction efficiency as well as reservoir rock deformation. The simulation results indicate that reservoir temperature decreases progressively from the injection well to the production well, resulting in a gradual decline in the outlet temperature after an initial stable production period of approximately 200 days. The presence of a preferential “fastest flow path” between the injection and production wells plays a critical role in sustaining the stable production phase, whereas the development of a tongue-shaped isotherm pattern is a primary factor responsible for the reduction in outlet temperature during the later stages of extraction. In addition, thermally induced rock deformation further modifies geothermal extraction efficiency, mainly through its effects on reservoir permeability and top vertical displacement. Overall, this study provides reliable and effective fundamental data for geothermal exploitation in specific geological reservoirs, thereby supporting the role of geothermal energy as a viable supplement to fossil fuel resources.

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