Abstract

With the increasing variety of electric vehicles (EVs) joining virtual power plants (VPPs), VPP operators increasingly require precise and tailored models for schedulable EV energy. Based on a publicly available anonymous EV charging power dataset, EV users are clustered through a weighted K-means++ algorithm. Secondly, based on the results of clustering, we analyzed the daily traveling patterns of various types of EVs, including commuting EVs, electric light-duty trucks (ELDTs) and electric tractors (ETs), and then customized the all-day schedulable energy domain model (SEDM) for each category. Subsequently, an optimal bidding strategy for a VPP consisting of diversified-member EVs, air conditionings (ACs), energy storage (ES) and distributed energy resources (DERs) is constructed. By modifying the levels of participation in supplementation and absorption of DERs among VPP members, while integrating considerations such as user comfort, EV defying rate, and seasonal variability, diverse VPP operational frameworks are established. Finally, using the Gurobi solver, the optimal bidding strategies and profit results under different scenarios are derived. The results indicate that (1) increasing the VPP members’ participation in the supplementation and absorption of DERs will bring higher benefits to both the VPP and its members; (2) with the increased sensitivity of users to room temperature and range anxiety, the demand response capacity of AC clusters decreases, reducing EV clusters’ market participation and VPP profits; and (3) among various types of EVs, ELDTs and ETs have a larger battery energy adjustment range, which can fully supplement the output shortfalls of DERs. Therefore, these EVs prove to be a good supplement for the improvement of VPP’s schedule capability and profitability.

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