Abstract

In the current context of developing strategies to mitigate global warming driven by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, hydrogen and ammonia have emerged as critical vectors for the decarbonization of the transportation, energy, and industrial sectors. Ammonia, specifically, serves as a highly effective hydrogen carrier, possessing three times the volumetric energy density of hydrogen. In this study, the authors present experimental findings from a compression ignition (CI) engine operating at a constant speed across two distinct loads. A dual-fuel strategy was employed, wherein ammonia was injected into the intake manifold to partially displace conventional diesel fuel. The results demonstrate that optimizing ammonia injection leads to a significant smoke reduction of up to 73.43% and a decrease in CO2 emissions of approximately 15.7%, albeit with a relative BTE penalty of 9.14% and an NOx increase of 9.30% at the lower load setting. These findings strongly align with earlier research, providing further evidence that ammonia effectively mitigates soot and carbon-based emissions while simultaneously reducing fuel consumption and smoke opacity.

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