Abstract

Tactile maps play a critical role in supporting spatial learning and independent mobility for people with visual impairments, particularly in complex environments such as university campuses. This study evaluates the effects of two tactile map production methods, 3D printing and heat-sensitive embossed paper, through a user-centered mixed-methods experimental design. The research was conducted on the North Campus of Boğaziçi University and involved 15 university students with visual impairments. The experimental process consisted of two stages: (1) controlled tactile map perception and evaluation, and (2) real-world wayfinding and on-site navigation experience. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were obtained through observations, open-ended feedback, and thematic analysis. The findings suggest that tactile map production methods may influence tactile perception, mental map formation, and user confidence. Participants generally reported that 3D-printed maps provided clearer tactile spatial organization and supported mental mapping in complex environments, whereas embossed paper maps offered advantages in portability and rapid accessibility.

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